The Chesapeake and New England Colonies: A Comparison :: American America History

The Chesapeake and New England Colonies: A Comparison During the late 16th century and into the 17th century, European nations rapidly colonized the newly discovered Americas. England in particular sent out numerous groups to the eastern coast of North America to two regions. These two regions were known as the Chesapeake and the New England areas. Later, in the late 1700's, these two areas would bond to become one nation. Yet from the very beginnings, both had very separate and unique identities. These differences, though very numerous, spurred from one major factor: the very reason the settlers came to the New World. This affected the colonies in literally every way, including economically, socially, and politically. The Chesapeake region of the colonies included Virginia, Maryland, the New Jerseys (both East and West) and Pennsylvania. In 1607, Jamestown, the first English colony in the New World (that is, the first to thrive and prosper), was founded by a group of 104 settlers to a peninsula along the James River. These settlers hoped to find gold, silver, a northwest passage to Asia, a cure for syphilis, or any other valuables they might take back to Europe and make a profit. Lead by Captain John Smith, who "outmaneuvered other members of the colony's ruling and took ruthlessly took charge" (Liberty Equality Power, p. 57), a few lucky members of the original voyage survived. These survivors turned to the local Powhatan Indians, who taught them the process of corn- and tobacco-growing. These staple-crops flourished throughout all five of these colonies. New England was north of the Chesapeake, and included Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Haven (which soon became part of Connecticut). The New Englanders were largely Puritan Separatists, who sought religious freedom. When the Church of England separated from Catholicism under Henry VIII, Protestantism flourished in England. Some Protestants, however, wanted complete separation from Catholicism and embraced Calvinism. These "Separatists" as they were called, along with persecuted Catholics who had not joined the Church of England, came to New England in hopes of finding this religious freedom where they would be free to practice as they wished. Their motives were, thus, religious in nature, not economic. In fact, New England settlers reproduced much of England's economy, with only minor variations. They did not invest largely in staple crops, instead, relied on artisan-industries like carpentry, shipbuilding, and printing. The Chesapeake and New England attracted different types of settlers and, by 1700, the populations differed enormously.

Barbarian to Humanist

Kimberly Kurata HI 30 Barbarian to Humanist Francois Rabelais wrote, Gargantua in the 16th century as a satirical short story depicting a giant named Gargantua and his transition from his barbaric ways to civilized humanistic way of living. The story takes place during the time of transition from the Medieval Era to the Renaissance. It went from a time of scholasticism and monasticism to a time of humanism and secularism. The Renaissance gave the modern world secularism, humanism and individualism.Throughout the story we see Gargantua evolve into a respectable and honorable man and Frere Jean as a monk who defies all previous views of who and what a monk is. The story of Gargantua illustrates the transition from scholasticism to humanism and in a satirical account through the lives of Gargantua and Frere Jean’s. Humanism can be defined as the cultural intellectual way of thinking that focuses on human beings exposing themselves to their own potential.This way of thinking emerg ed during the time of the Renaissance. It was the new movement to broaden an individual's narrow seeking mind. Scholasticism was the scholarship that went on in monasteries where the tradition was the study and focus on only theological issues. Before humanism rose, scholasticism was the only type of higher education. Scholasticism consisted of memorizing texts and focusing on obscure questions. Humanists criticized and completely rejected this form of living.The humanist’s core value can be summond up in one description by Leonardo DaVinci, â€Å"Luomo Universale†,the universal man is interested in everything, not one thing. Gargantua’s early life can be described as a medieval type of living. He was birthed, â€Å"As a result of that mishap, the cotyledonary veins of the womb were released from above and the child sprang through the midriff (which is situated above the shoulders where the aforesaid vena divides into two) took the left path and emerged through her left ear. [1] The way Gargantua was birthed is a metaphor to the type of world he was being born into. The old way of living was based around the Greek way of thinking. Gargantua’s birth can be paralleled to the classical reference of the birth of many Greek gods. While growing up, Gargantua was shown as a child with barbaric tendencies. His inappropriate ways and signs of pure immaturity can be exemplified when he would, â€Å"drink out of his slippers, regularly scratch his belly on wicker work baskets, cut his teeth on his clogs†¦ et off fat farts†¦ shovel the soil back into the ditch†¦ †. [2] In Gargantua’s young mind, one of his greatest achievements was figuring out the best object to wipe his bum with; stupidity, was at an all time high. Gargantua’s ways prove the simplicity and barbarism of his character. One of the main sources of Gargantua’s lack of knowledge at a young age sprouted from his first tutor, Magister Thuba l Holofernes whose intelligence, or lack of intelligence, focused around the Scholaticism movement. He taught Gargantua his ABC so well that he could recite it by heart backwards. He spent five years and three months over that. †[3] The chief concern of of the Scholastics such as Holofernes, was not to learn new facts but to it integrate the knowledge already acquired by the Greeks. This example is also connected to monasticism because Rabelais is poking fun at the fact that the monks would sit in solitude for years and just memorize the Bible’s text, a tradition that humanists completely rejected.These traditional doctrines and way of living were useless and repetitive. This skill – reciting the alphabet backwards – was a satirical swipe at scholasticism's knowledge for knowledge’s sake. Finally Gargantua’s father, Grandgousier, came to realize the lack of knowledge his son had when a young page named Eudemon embarrassed Gargantua, who was à ¢â‚¬Å"an ideal Renaissance youth, clean, healthy, skilled in Latin and at elegant speaking, but his rhetoric is more eloquent than truthful in his praise of the young giant. [4] After the young page praised Gargantua so beautifully, Gargantua’s, â€Å"behavior was merely to a blubber like a cow and hide his face in his bonnet. †[5] With that, the decision was made that Gargantua would go to France and learn the new ways of classicism. This signified not only the transition of Gargantua from medieval and scholastic ways, but all of Europe’s transition to ways of humanism. Once in Paris, Gargantua made drastic improvements in education with his new tutor Ponocrates. At first, Ponocrates decided to observe Gargantua and the activities he partook in on a normal day.Seeing Gargantua’s daily routine and how useless his old education had made him, Ponocrates realized he had no time to spare with Gargantua’s narrow-scholastic mind. Ponacrates way of teachi ng could be seen as the way he disciplined Gargantua’s mind. He made Gargantua clear his mind of anything he learned from previous tutors, and fill it with the new humanistic subjects of learning. To start off, Gargantua was awoke every morning around four am, â€Å"While he was being rubbed down, a passage of the Holy Scripture was read out to him, loud and clear†¦Gargantua would often devote himself to revering, worshipping, supplicating and adoring God in his goodness, whose majesty and marvelous judgements were revealed by the reading. †[6] This shows one of the major components of humanism, the balance between religious and secular views. Humanism was indeed against most religious traditions but it was not against God and the belief in God. Humanism was focused on the human being reaching his or her full potential in all aspects of life. Focusing on one skill or talent was cutting an individual short; being well-rounded was glorified and stressed with humanis ts.Striving to become his or her best whether it was the simple task of getting dressed in the morning. â€Å"[Gargantua] was dressed, combed, brushed, perfumed and made elegant, during which time yesterday’s lessons were gone over with him. He would recite them by heart and base on them some practical matters concerning our human condition; they might extend it to some two or three hours but normally stopped once he was fully dressed. † [7] The distinction between the two educations in Gargantua’s case are clear.Gargantua accomplished more in the first three hours of waking up in this new humanistic way of living, than he did in probably a week or two with scholasticism. Gargantua mastered subjects such as arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music. â€Å"As regards to musical instruments, he learnt to play the lute, the spinet, the harp, both the traverse and the nine holed flutes, the viola and the sackbut. †[8] The arts were a huge part of the Renaissa nce, and being able to play all of those instruments is tangible evidence that his knowledge and intelligence is growing in more than one area.The second half of Gargantua’s story is brought back to his homeland. Gargantua travels back and meets a monk named Frere Jean. Frere Jean was not an ordinary monk. Monks during the Middle Ages were seen as spiritually minded men who withdrew themselves from society. Their life consisted of praying, religious exercise and works of charity. Monks were the center of scholasticism, being the only ones who could read and write. Some would isolate and withdraw themselves from society. They felt that society contained too much evil and sin to live in.Because of their isolation, when put in a situation where they needed to defend themselves, they ran away in fear. [9] Yet, when Frere Jean was put in a situation where he was captured by enemy guards and needed to escape, he faced the situation with bravery and, â€Å"struck the archer who was holding him on his right, entirely severing the sphagitid arteries in the neck – his jugular veins – together with the uvula down to the thyroid glands†¦ †[10] ———————– [1] Rabelais, Francois. â€Å"Gargantua. The Histories of Gargantua and Pantagruel. [Harmondsworth, Middlesex]: Penguin, 1955. 226. Print. [2] Rabelais, Francois. â€Å"Gargantua. † (243). [3] Rabelais, Francois. â€Å"Gargantua. † (251). [4] Rabelais, Francois. â€Å"Gargantua. † (252). [5] Rabelais, Francois. â€Å"Gargantua. † (254). [6] Rabelais, Francois. â€Å"Gargantua. † (279). [7] Rabelais, Francois. â€Å"Gargantua. † (279). [8] Rabelais, Francois. â€Å"Gargantua. † (281). [9] Rabelais, Francois. â€Å"Gargantua. † (293). [10] Rabelais, Francois. â€Å"Gargantua. † (339).

Report on Desalination Process - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3387 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/09/24 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Contents: 1. Mechanical Vapor Compression 2. Reverse Osmosis 3. A Comparative Analysis of other Desalination Processes 4. 1. A brief description of various Desalination Processes 4. 2. 1. Distillation Processes 4. 2. 2. 1. Multistage Flash Distillation 4. 2. 2. 2. Multieffect Distillation 4. 2. 2. 3. Vapor Compression 4. 2. 2. Membrane Processes 4. 2. 3. 4. Electrodialysis 4. 2. 3. 5. Reverse Osmosis 4. 2. 3. Solar Distillation/Humidification 4. 2. Process Selection 4. A Derivation of the Rate of depletion of Limestone used to make water portable 5. 3. Derivation 5. 4. Sample Calculation 5. 5. Graph Chapter 3 A Comparative Analysis of other Desalination Processes In the following chapter we compare and contrast various types of Desalination Processes. There are many methods of desalination currently in practice today. They vary in efficiency, cost of installment, purity of the product, geographical requirements and a variety of other factors which will be further highlight ed in the following pages. 3. 1. A brief description of various Desalination Processes: The following section gives an introduction as well as the principle, orking, chemical treatments required and advantages disadvantages of the various desalination processes. 3. 1. 1. Distillation Processes: 3. 1. 1. 1. Multistage Flash Distillation Introduction: Single stage flash evaporators have been used since the early nineteen hundreds when they were used in the Alberger salt process to obtain salt from brine. Multistage flash evaporators however, were first installed about 55 years ago and were usually of small capacity with low thermal efficiencies. In 1956, a four stage, four unit, 9460 m3/d flash plant was installed in Kuwait. By avoiding separate shells for each stage, a great improvement was made in the economics of evaporators. Today, Multi-stage flash distillation plants produce over 85 percent of all desalinated water in the world, despite the fact that Reverse Osmosis plants a re the more numerous. The patent for the MSF process was filed by Mr. Silver. It was described as a plant employing flash distillation in which the number of stages is more than twice the performance ratio (pounds of distillate produced/1,000 BTU of heat input) which in some cases was about 3 times the actual value. MSF solved some of the basic problems of the desalination process such as scale formation, which when combined with the ability of these plants to be built in large capacities resulted in these plants being the largest source of desalinated water in the world. By 1984, 67. 6% of all desalination plants (6,075,000 m3/day) were operating on the MSF principle. The unit size has also increased as much as 100 fold since 1972. Principle: Multistage flash processes work on the concept that vapors can be produced from any liquid which is at its boiling point by lowering the pressure. This is due to the fact that reducing the pressure decreases the boiling point of water. W orking: The plant has a series of spaces called stages, each containing a  heat exchanger  and a condensate collector. The series has one cold end and one hot end while the stages in between have intermediate temperatures. The pressure in each stage corresponds to the  pressure  required to boil water at the respective temperatures. Beyond the hot end there exists a container called the  brine  heater. When the plant is operating in  steady state, feed water at the cold inlet temperature flows through the heat exchangers in the stages and is heated. When it reaches the brine heater it already has nearly the maximum temperature. In the heater, an amount of additional heat is added. After the heater, the water flows through  valves  back into the stages which have ever lower pressure and temperature. As it flows back through the stages the water is now called brine, to distinguish it from the inlet water. In each stage, as the brine enters, its temperature is abov e the boiling point at the pressure of the stage, and a small fraction of the brine water boils or flashes to steam thereby reducing the temperature until equilibrium is reached. The resulting steam is a little hotter than the feed water in the heat exchanger. The steam cools and  condenses  against the heat exchanger tubes, thereby heating the feed water as described earlier. The total evaporation in each stage is about 15% of the water flowing through the system, depending on the range of temperatures used. When temperature is further increased, there are growing difficulties of scale formation and corrosion. 120 °C has been the maximum thus far, although scale avoidance may require temperatures below 70 °C. The feed water carries away the  latent heat  of the condensed steam, maintaining the low temperature of the stage. The pressure in the chamber remains constant as equal amounts of steam is formed when new warm brine enters the stage and steam is removed as i t condenses on the tubes of the heat exchanger. The equilibrium is stable, because if at some point more vapor forms, the pressure increases and that reduces evaporation and increases condensation. In the final stage the brine and the condensate has a temperature near the inlet temperature. Then the brine and condensate are pumped out from the low pressure in the stage to the ambient pressure. The brine and condensate still carry a small amount of heat that is lost from the system when they are discharged. The heat that was added in the heater makes up for this loss. The heat added in the brine heater usually comes in the form of hot steam from an industrial process co-located with the desalination plant. The steam is allowed to condense against tubes carrying the brine (similar to what happens in the stages). Schematic of a  multi-stage flash  desalinator A Steam in B Seawater in C Potable water out D Waste out E Steam out F Heat exchange G Condensation collection H Brine heater Chemical Treatment: Pretreatment: MSF plants require sea water with a temperature range of 20 -35 °C and a salinity of 42,000 ppm as the primary feed. This water undergoes pretreatment consisting of filtration, chlorination, antiscale chemical dosing, de-aeration/de-carbonation before being processed by the plant. Without this treatment there would be frequent interruptions to the plant operation. Scale prevention: By increasing the flash or temperature range of the plant with the same surface area, the performance ratio is increased however the limitations are, that on the cold side the minimum achievable temperature is the temperature of sea water and on the hot side the maximum achievable temperature is limited due to scale formation. Some of the methods to prevent this are: a) Polyphosphates: treatment with polyphosphates causes the formation of sludge as opposed to scales in the condenser tubes. maximum achievable temperature is 91 °C) b) Acid treatment: Addition of HCl or H2SO4 in fixed quantities reduces alkalinity and prevents scale formation. (maximum achievable temperature is 121 °C) c) High temperature additives: HTA’s such as Belgard EV prevent scale formation and produce crystal distortion. (maximum achievable temperature is 112 °C) Advantages Disadvantages: Advantages| Disadvantages| Can be constructed in very large capacities. | Performance ratio is limited since the upper temperature is limited to 121 °C| Boiling does not take place on the tube surface therefore there is less susceptibility to fouling. Low heat transfer coefficients which require a greater surface area when compared to MED. | Scale prevention is less hazardous because threshold chemicals are extensively used (acid treatment is not preferred) therefore there is less likelihood of corrosion due to overdosing. | Often operates well below the design capacity and in some cases as much as 60% below said capacity. | Low cost steam can be used. | La rge capital costs with large intake structures. | Water is very pure. | Large amount of seawater required compared to production which requires a large amount of pumping power. Considerable operating experience is available. | Long term effects of the additives are unknown. | Economies of scale work well. | Improper material selection and noise pollution have caused problems in the past. | Table 3. 1 (Desalination Processes and MSF distillation practice by Arshad Hassan Khan) 3. 1. 1. 2. Multi Effect Distillation: Introduction: The MED process also has a rather long history. Many such plants were build by chemical industries over the last thousand years although their primary purpose was the recovery of brine. This process however was also among the first used to produce significant amounts of water from the sea and although it has been replaced by MSF as the leading source of desalinated water it still accounts for a significant portion of the water produced by such plants today . To put it numerically ME plants produce about 492,636m3/day and at present the largest ME unit produces 20,000m3/day. Principle: In this process, vapors are produced by two means. The first is by pressure reduction (flashing) and the second by heat input (boiling). Working: In ME distillation, 2 or more effects are present. Each operates at a lower temperature and pressure than the previous. The first effect is heated by low pressure steam and vapors are generated from the feed water in the effect tubes. These vapors are then directed, through a demister, to tubes in the second effect. Since this effect is at a lower temperature, the vapors can be used to evaporate the brine. This occurs when the vapors condense on the inner side of the tubes and release heat to the next effect. Some of the vapors produced in each effect are sent to the associated preheater, where they heat incoming feed and are condensed. All the brine which does not evaporate is then sent to the next effec t for further vaporization. The process can be repeated as long as the temperature difference is high enough to act as the driving force. Brine from the last effect is rejected as blow down and vapors from this effect are condensed in a final condenser where feed water serves as the coolant. Most of the feed water Is rejected after passing through the condenser. Schematic of a multiple effect desalination plant. The first stage is at the top. Pink areas are vapor; lighter blue areas are liquid feed water. Stronger turquoise is condensate. F Feed water in S Heating steam in C Heating steam out W Fresh water (condensate) out R Brine out O Coolant in P Coolant out VC Last-stage cooler Chemical Treatment: Pretreatment costs are very low. Since when feed is at high temperature it is at its lowest concentration the risk of scaling is reduced. Standard antiscaling procedure is followed. Advantages Disadvantages: The advantages and disadvantages are similar to those seen in mult istage flashing. It does however have an additional disadvantage in that it cannot be used on the same scale as MSF. On the other hand it has a considerably lower construction cost when compared to MSF therefore this method of desalination is still widely used today in many forms. Overall for relatively small units (less than one mgd (22. 8245m3/s)) this method is often preferred over MSF however for larger units MSF is more cost effective. 3. 1. 1. 3. Vapour Compression: As this process has already been described in detail, only the advantages and disadvantages are listed here. Advantages| Disadvantages| Simplicity compact construction| The reliability of the unit is directly dependant on the compressor which is likely to fail| Operation is stable and can be done with no recirculation and low labor costs| At lower temperatures the vapor specific volume increases causing the compressor load to increase| Low pumping power required| At higher temperatures scaling occurs| No coo ling water required| Fluctuations have a greater tendency to effect productivity or destabilize the plant. Low capital cost | When increasing the number of effects, energy consumption of the compressor increases causing a reduction in performance ratio| High performance ratio/unit of heat transfer surface area| As in the case of MEDs this process is only practical on a relatively small scale| Table 3. 2 (Desalination Processes and MSF distillation practice by Arshad Hassan Khan) 3. 1. 2. Membrane Processes: 3. 1. 2. 1. Electrodialysis: Introduction: This process is particularly useful is desalting brackish waters. The principle of this process has been known since the early 1900s although the first unit was put into service only in the year 1954 in the Middle East. Units are medium sized (100-400m3/day range) and can be used to desalinate water with extremely high salinity. These plants have been used to bring water with mineral content of several thousand ppm down to 500ppm. The se plants produce over 450,000m3/day which is about 4. 7% of the world’s total produce. Principle: The ED method is based on the principle that the dissolved salts are ionic in nature and hence when subjected to an electric field the cations will travel to one end while the anions travel to the other. Also certain selective membranes are used that allow only positive charged particles to pass through on one side and negative particles on the other (anion and cation permeable membranes) Working: As explained earlier, selective membranes are placed alternately between the cathode and the anode. When a DC current is passed though the liquid, anions like SO42- and Cl- move towards the positive end while the cations like Na+ and Ca2+ move towards the negative end. They each pass through their respective membranes and enter a cell which is a space made up of one ionic membrane and one cationic membrane. The anions while be separated from the positive end by a cation membrane and the cations from the negative end by a cation membrane. The result is that alternate cells become concentrated and the intermediate cells become dilute which is the product. The rate of salt removal is controlled by Faraday’s laws and practical demineralization rates are in the 75 to 99% range. Pretreated feed water is passed along parallel paths which ensure a continuous flow of the rejected brine and the product water streams. At the electrodes oxidation and reduction reactions take place. The cathode system is treated with acid and recycled while the anode system is usually sent to the drain. Figure 3. 3 (www. fumatech. com) During this process it is necessary add acid to presoften the feedwater to achieve stable operation. Non mineral substances spoil the membrane surfaces and units show marked deterioration with time To combat this, the direction of the DC current is nowadays reversed every 20 minutes or so. This process has therefore been called EDR or Electro dialysis reversal. Chemical Treatment: Acid or polyphosphate is added to the brine system to prevent deposition of salts. If scaling becomes excessive at any point, cleaning is done either mechanically after disassembling the stack or during the process itself. Advantages Disadvantages: Advantages| Disadvantages| Can be used for water with extremely high salinity| Polarization takes place within the membranes which requires an increase in the DC voltage. Low cost of construction and labor| Membrane fouling due to non mineral substances| Extremely low pumping requirements| Leaks in the membrane occur causing contamination of product| Maintenance is relatively simple| Degradation of electrodes occurs with time. | Table 3. 3 (Desalination Processes and MSF distillation practice by Arshad Hassan Khan) 3. 1. 2. 2. Reverse Osmosis: As this process has already been described in detail, only the advantages and disadvantages are listed here. Advantages| Disadvantages| Easy and simple operation| Ratio of product to input is low and therefore can only be used in places where the source of water is the sea (not a limited source)| Rapid delivery and installation| Variety of materials required for pretreatment| Easy expansion due to modular concept| Rate of production is slow| Low energy consumption and maintenance| Cost effectiveness declines as many modules are setup| Operation at low temperatures lowers corrosion and allows cheaper materials to be used| Input water cannot be highly concentrated| Modular concept allows for replacement of defective parts easily| Product water has a comparatively high chloride content| Table 3. (Desalination Processes and MSF distillation practice by Arshad Hassan Khan) 3. 1. 3. Solar Distillation/Humidification: Introduction: Although it was first developed over a century ago in Chile when it produced 27m3/day, serious research was not conducted till much later. The increase in the cost of fossil fuels was what spurred research in t his field. Principle: The basic principle is the greenhouse effect and the fact that water evaporates below its boiling point. Working: Solar Energy is used for the distillation of salt waters in a solar still which acts as an absorber for solar energy. Water is heated due to greenhouse effect to a temperature of 50 – 60 °C. The rate does of course depend on the intensity of solar radiation. The evaporated water is drained and collected. Figure 3. 4 (www. dr1. com) Chemical Treatment: Chemical treatment in this process is very low. Advantages Disadvantages: Advantages| Disadvantages| Ecofriendly| Can only be used on a very small scale| Very low maintenance and construction cost| Product is variable as the rate of production is based on incident sunlight| No electricity required| Can only be constructed in certain geographic zones| No labor required| Cost effectiveness reduces when its constructed in large numbers| Table 3. 5 3. 2. Process Selection Important Factors: * Product water quality and quantity Feedwater quantity characteristics * Energy availability * Location * Economic Constraints Based on these factors the processes are selected. When product water quality requirements are high, MSF or MVC are used while when it is lower, whereas when requirements are comparatively lower, RO and Electrodialysis can be used. When product water quantity needs to be high MSF is most preferred process while solar distillation can be used if quantity requirements are lower. Energy Availability is required for processes like ED, MSF, etc while processes like solar distillation require almost no continuous energy. Location plays an important role with regard to pumping power. Also availability of direct sunlight is required for solar distillation. Economic Constraints also play a role. When the budget is low processes like EDR and RO are used assuming quantity of water required is low while if required water quantity of water is high, MSF is the most cos t effective method. Chapter 4 Derivation of a formula to calculate rate of consumption(R) of CaCO3 (Limestone) 4. 1. Derivation: Information required: * Temperature of product water (T ( °C)) * Conductivity of water (before being passed through the limestone but after dosing of NaOCl) (G1 ( µS/cm)) * Conductivity of water (after being passed through the limestone) (G2 ( µS/cm))) * Mass flow rate (V (tones/hr)) Assumptions: CaCO3 is the only compound that dissolves in water while it is passed through the limestone (other compounds like sulfates dissolve in negligible proportions) * The temperature coefficient of conductivity (? ) of CaCO3 is . 02/ °C Procedure Theory of Calculation: Step 1: The difference in conductivity is first measured (Gt = G2 – G1). This gives us the change in conductivity due to CaCO3. Step 2: Based on this value we can calculate change in conductivity at 25 °C (G) using the formula: G = Gt / [1+ {? ? (T-25)}] (? = . 02) The value of conductiv ity at 25  °C for various concentrations of CaCo3 (in parts per million) were obtained from www. omega. om and verified by calculation. These values are as follows: Conductivity (G) ( µS/cm)| ppm CaCO3| 1020| 425. 0| 415| 170. 0| 315| 127. 5| 210| 85. 0| 105| 42. 5| 42. 7| 17. 0| 32. 1| 12. 7| 21. 4| 8. 5| 10. 8| 4. 25| 4. 35| 1. 70| 0. 055| none| Table 4. 1 (www. omega. com) Using the above values a graph was plotted (G versus ppm). As can be seen, the graph is more or less a straight line (curves at higher concentrations) for our area of observation. Step 3: With the help of the graph, the ppm of CaCO3 which corresponds to the conductivity G (at 25 °C) is found. Step 4: Finally to calculate R we use the formula: R (g/hr) = ppm (CaCO3) ? V (tones/hr) To find total mass of CaCO3 dissolved in time t (hrs) we can multiply t with the average value of R over the given time. 4. 2. Sample Calculation for Average Values Information required: * Temperature of product water (T ( ° C)) = 29 °C (Design input) + 2. 5 = 31. 5 °C * Conductivity of water (before being passed through the limestone but after dosing of NaOCl) (G1 ( µS/cm)) = 31. 5 ((18 + 45)/2) * Conductivity of water (after being passed through the limestone) (G2 ( µS/cm))) = 500 * Mass flow rate will remain as a variable (V (tones/hr)) Procedure Theory of Calculation: Step 1: The difference in conductivity is first measured (Gt = G2 – G1). This gives us the change in conductivity due to CaCO3. Gt = 500 – 31. 5 = 469. 5 Step 2: Based on this value we can calculate change in conductivity at 25 °C (G) using the formula: G = Gt / [1+ {? ? (T-25)}] (? = . 02) G=469. 5/[1+{. 02? (31. 5-25)}] = 415. 5 Step 3: With the help of the graph, the ppm of CaCO3 which corresponds to the conductivity G (at 25 °C) is found. ppm of CaCO3 = 170 (approx) Step 4: Finally to calculate R we use the formula: R (g/hr) = ppm (CaCO3) ? V (tones/hr) R = 170 ? V = 170V Hence rate of consumption of C aCO3 is 170V g/hr (where V is in tones/hr) 4. 3 Graph Figure 4. 1 (Drawn by project trainee based on information from www. omega. com) Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Report on Desalination Process" essay for you Create order

A Case Analysis on Starbucks’ Mission Social...

A Case Analysis On Starbucks’ Mission: Social Responsibility And Brand Strength Submitted To Professor Panda Of University of Maryland Eastern Shore Department Of Business School Technology In Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirement BUAD300 By: Michael Kunle-Kehinde February 4 2013 Summary Named after the first mate in Moby Dick, Starbucks was founded in 1971 by three partners in Seattle’s renowned open-air Pike Place Market. Starbucks is now the third largest restaurant chain in the country, nearly 1,000 stores in 55 countries. It was the intention of director of retail operations and marketing Howard Schlutz to make Starbucks into â€Å"the third place† consumers frequent, after home and work. You can find a Starbucks in†¦show more content†¦Its reputation is built on product quality, stakeholder concern, and a balanced approach to all of its business activities. In spite of Starbucks efforts to maintain high ethical standards, the company has garnished harsh criticisms on issues such as lack of fair trade coffee, hormone added milk, Schlutz alleged financial links to the Israeli government and that the company’s relentless growth has forced locally run coffee shops out of business. The challenges that the company has experienced and will continue to experience have convinced it to focus on its strengths. And despite setbacks, allegations, and the recession, the future looks bright for Starbucks. Questions 1. Why do you think Starbucks has been so concerned with social responsibility in its overall corporate strategy? Starbucks has been so concerned with social responsibility for two main reasons, to investigate its negative impact on the company’s financial and nonfinancial rewards. According to our textbook, Starbucks has been engaged in responsible business practices almost from day one. Being socially responsible Starbucks has its financial and nonfinancial rewards say Schultz. â€Å"Whom is a firm believer of ethics, theyShow MoreRelatedStarbucks’ Mission Social Responsibility and Brand Strength Essay763 Words   |  4 PagesThe case â€Å"Starbucks’ Mission Social Responsibility and brand Strength† basically discusses many things. It briefs you on how Starbucks came about in 1973 and how the company has evolved since then and the importance of defending its image. The company did many things to defend its image such as putting money back into the stake holder. Also Starbucks make a happy work environment by giving their employees full benefits. 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Statement of the Problem In today’s business world, stakeholders have become adept at holding companies to account for the social consequences of their activities and rank based on the performance of their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Many companies have implemented CSR initiatives, yet these efforts have not been nearly a success for two reasons. First, they pit business against society, when clearly the two areRead MoreStarbucks Case Study - ORGANIZATIONAL STRATEGY4978 Words   |  20 Pagesoperations. Starbucks achieved worldwide success by implementing organizational strategies that are aligned with their organizational goals and mission. This report evaluates all the components required in organizational strategy. The Five Forces Industry and SWOT Analysis discovers Starbucks’ competitive position in the coffee industry. Starbucks’ competitive advantage will be determined after completing a competitive analysis of their top competitors. With an in-depth look at Starbucks’ mission, weRead MoreStarbucks Analysis On The Coffee Chain And A Brand That Changed The Americans Coffee And Cafe Culture3172 Words   |  13 PagesThis Individual work is based on the case study â€Å"Starbucks: Back to Basics?† written by Sachin Govind. The case reviews the success story about the coffee chain and a brand which changed the Americans’ coffee and cafà © culture. However, it also highlights that Starbucks had been facing some challenges as well as having difficulties inside the company. Furthermore, some analysts expect that the corporation eventually will destroy what they have built up and wha t have become to be known as their uniqueRead MoreAssignment 5 Capstone3173 Words   |  13 Pagesassignment, I will discuss Starbuck’s. I will determine the impact of the company’s mission, vision, and primary stakeholders’ overall success. An analyzitation will be performed to identify the five forces of competition and their impact on the company. I will perform a SWOT analysis to determine the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Based upon the SWOT analysis a strategy of the strengths and opportunities will be capitalized while the weaknesses and threats will be minimizedRead MoreGlobal Competition1344 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Competition Starbucks is the unquestionable market leader in the U.S. and is in the early stages of an international expansion plan that could lead to more revenue coming from international than domestic locations within the decade (www.beta.fool.com). Starbucks has significant strengths in coffee business. It is the current market leader with over 17000 stores worldwide. It has no debt and uses internal cash flow for expansion. Also since all of its stores are company-owned, itRead MoreStarbucks Is An American Global Coffee Company2236 Words   |  9 PagesStarbucks is an American global coffee company and coffeehouse chain that was founded by Howard Schultz in Seattle, Washington in 1971. It is currently the largest coffeehouse company in the world ahead of UK rival Costa Coffee with 21,536 stores in 63 countries (Appendix Figure 1), (Yanofsky, 2014). The company rapidly expanded between 1987 and 2007 where Starbucks opened on average two new stores every day (Bspcn.com, 2007). The first coffeehouse to open outside the United States or Canada wasRead MoreStarbucks Strategic Analysis3420 Words   |  14 Pages ___ % | Contents Part One Introduction 3 Part Two External Analysis 4 2.1 Brief overview of the company 4 2.2 Starbucks a global corporation 5 2.3 Environmental opportunities and constraints on the company 5 2.3 PESTEL Macro level analysis 5 Political factors 5 Economic factors 6 Social factors 6 2.4 Micro level analysis 7 2.4.1 Industry life cycle analysis 7 2.4.2 Porters five force analysis 7 Treat from rival firms 8 Treat of new Entrants 8 Treat of SubstituteRead MoreStarbucks Mission Strategic Choices5799 Words   |  24 PagesStarbucks Mission and Strategic Choices: Are They in Alignment? Executive Summary This paper examines strategic management, which encompasses business decisions and actions that: define the organization s mission and objectives, determine the most effective utilization of organizational resources, select best courses of action to meet its mission, and seek to assure the effectiveness of the organization within the environment. This case study evaluates the strategic management process

All Quiet On The Western Front Essay - 2253 Words

All Quiet on the Western Front (1930) and Paths of Glory (1957) Stanley Kubrick directed the movie, Paths of Glory. All Quiet on the Western Front is both a novel, and a movie. The novel is written by Erich Maria Remarque, and the movie was directed by Lewis Milestone. Both Paths of Glory and All Quiet on the Western Front depict â€Å"The Great War†, also known as â€Å"First World War† or â€Å"World War I.† The Great War originated in Europe, it was a Global War that lasted from July 28 1914 up until November 11 1918. involved all the world’s economic great powers, which had all assembled into two opposing alliances. The Allies, which were based on the Triple Entente of the British Empire, France, and the Russian Empire, and the Central Powers which were composed of Germany, and Austria- Hungary. These alliances reorganized and expanded as more nations entered the war. Italy, Japan, and the United States joined the Allies, while the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined the Central powers. Both sides of this war were fighting from the trenches, hardly making any progress at all unless one side became brave enough to venture forward and out of the trenches in attempt attack the enemy. The movie Paths of Glory, and All Quiet on the Western Front are both realistic representations of the life for soldiers during this war. However, these two movies differ slightly in the way that the story of â€Å"The Great War† is told. These two movies are told from opposing sides. Paths of Glory is toldShow MoreRelatedAll Quiet of the Western Front756 Words   |  3 PagesPlot Summary: All Quiet on the Western Front Written by Erich Maria Remarque, All Quiet on the Western Front is the tale of a young man by the name of Paul. Paul who is nineteen years old gathers several of his friends from school and together they voluntarily join the army fighting for the Axis alliance. Before they are sent off into actual battle, they are faced with the brutal training camp. Along with this they face the cruelty of the life of a soldier. This made them question the reason forRead MoreAll Quiet on the Western Front700 Words   |  3 PagesThe greatest war novel of all time, All Quiet on the Western Front, by Erich Maria Remarque, is a novel that depicted the hardships of a group of teenagers who enlisted in the German Army during World War 1. Enlisting right out of high school forced the teens to experience things they had never thought of. From the life of a soilder on the front line to troubles with home life, war had managed to once again destroy a group of teenagers. Throughout the novel, we saw the men of the Second CompanyRead MoreAll Quiet On The Western Front1797 Words   |  8 PagesTitle: All Quiet on the Western Front Creator: Erich Maria Remarque Date of Publication: 1929 Class: War Novel Anecdotal Information about Author: -Erich Maria Remarque was conceived on 22 June 1898 into a working people family in the German city of Osnabrà ¼ck to Peter Franz Remark (b. 14 June 1867, Kaiserswerth) and Anna Maria (nà ©e Stallknecht; conceived 21 November 1871, Katernberg). -During World War I, Remarque was recruited into the armed force at 18 years old. On 12 June 1917, heRead MoreAll Quiet on the Western Front943 Words   |  4 Pages The book All Quiet on the Western Front, by Erich Maria Remarque, is about a group of 19 year old young men who are changed by the ways of war. There is paul: the main character; Tjaden: a tall, skinny locksmith, also the biggest eater; Albert Kropp: a lance-corporal and the clearest thinker; Muller: studious, intelligent, and likes school; Leer: has a preference for the girls from the prostitution houses and has a beard; Haie Westhus: a peat-digger, and big in size; Deterring: a peasant, he alwaysRead MoreAll Quiet On The Western Front2393 Words   |  10 PagesAll Quiet on the Western Front: Book Review Erich Maria Remarque, author of All Quiet on the Western Front, actually fought in WWI (Remarque 297). Because of this, he was able to write this book with accurate depictions of the war. He writes how being in combat can really take a toll on a person and affect them in a negative way. He also writes of the pain and suffering that the soldiers must cope with that comes along with living in constant fear and danger. When looking at the title of theRead MoreAll Quiet On The Western Front2085 Words   |  9 PagesThis essay will consider the different effects created by Erich Maria Remarque in his novel All Quiet on the Western Front. As a writer, Remarque unknowingly left his novel open to readers with completely different perspectives, and to various forms of criticism. This undoubtedly meant that every single reader had been affected by the novel in many different ways which unfortunately for Remarque may have been an effect that he never intended. This essay is divided into 5 main sections. Firstly itRead MoreAll Quiet On The Western Front1089 Words   |  5 Pages In Erich Maria Remarque’s novel, All Quiet on the Western Front, human nature is the only abstract periphery between belligerent barbarism and justifiable violence. Through the insipid bombardments that rained shells over the Germans’ heads and noxious implementation of mustard gas, Remarque dexterously misleads the reader into believing that he fights in an apathetic war where all remnants of human nature and identity have been destroyed with the introduction of trench warfare. Through Paul Baumer’sRead MoreAll Quiet On The Western Front1509 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"He fell in October 1918, on a day that was so quiet and still on the whole front, that the army report confined itself to a single sentence: All quiet on the Western Front† (Remarque 296). Paul Baumer, the narrator of All Quiet on the Western Front, enlisted into the German army at a young age of nineteen with a group of friends from school. 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World War I was supposed to be about nationalism and the propaganda forced upon the soldiers to feel superiority over other countries, but Paul helps to prove otherwise, as his story tells what is was like to be at the front, and how tough it was to be a soldier. â€Å"All Quiet on the Western Front† portrays war as it was actually experienced, replacing the romantic picture of glory and

Every Organization Common Basic Objective †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Every Organization Common Basic Objective? Answer: Introducation Every organization has a common basic objective - consumer loyalty, especially if they are encountering any economic situation like the one global markets were facing in 2009. In regards to such situations, consumers are the most important but limited resource for organizations and their loyalty is directly influencing the profit levels. Moreover, it seems that in dire needs and uncertain situations, there arises a higher need of retaining customers with the help of action implementation with the aim of gaining their trust. It has been seen from prior research that a positive corporate accounting image has a positive influence on the thoughts and responses of customers towards products and services of the organization (Coelho Henseler, 2012). In several instances, this has not acted as a one-dimensional concept, even though people have built up an image from a large number of varied perceptions. Corporate image and corporate reputation have, over the years, been linked to consumer behaviour. Satisfaction is another significant concept to be considered while studying consumer behaviour. Corporate image has a tendency of influencing consumer behaviour with the help of the companys products and services, and the evaluation of the company itself. Consumers have an inclination of feeling satisfied with their experiences of an organization if the organization is seen as being efficient in providing services. Consumers build up their attitudes and judgements towards an organization and even permit them in designing better strategies for meeting overall customer needs and at the same time be more successful and profitable in the long Business (Prez et al., 2013). References Coelho, P. S., Henseler, J. (2012). Creating customer loyalty through service customization.European Journal of Marketing,46(3/4), 331-356. Prez, A., del Mar Garca de los Salmones, management., Rodrguez del Bosque, I. (2013). The effect of corporate associations on consumer behaviour.European Journal of Marketing,47(1/2), 218-238.

Post ERP Implementation Issues - Free Sample Assignment Solution

Question: What are the different issues can emerge in post-implementation phase of ERP implementation? How these issues can be rectified and avoided in future implementation/s? Answer: Introduction In case of traditional information systems used in businesses, those systems are based on different sets of programs and data repositories. Usually such systems support only one business process among many. These information systems are isolated and there are difficulties in sharing information among more than one such information systems that are running for different business processes within an organization. The maintenance cost of such information systems are very high and the output from such systems in terms of efficiency is very poor. So, industries and business started to shift towards an integrated solution that will be able to integrate different business processes of an organization into a single information system, will deliver a uniform platform to the users, the business processes will be faster and more efficient. Such information systems are called enterprise resource planning systems or ERP systems. These systems offer wide range of cross functional information syste m packages and integration of different business processes. There are several modules in an ERP system. These modules are used for gathering data from various business processes. There are common keys that integrates the modules with each other. There are databases with the ERP system where these modules can store data. The database is a centralized database and connected to all modules. Thus data from all business processes are accessible to one another and stored in a single place. As a result, data flows through the ERP system and business processes seamlessly. It helps to achieve higher performance by the system.(Harwood, 2003) More and more organizations worldwide are implementing ERP systems for their business. But utilization of full power of the ERP systems is not true for all. There are several success stories or ERP implementation and there are failures also. Mere implementation of ERP is not a successful ERP implementation. So, the business processes also suffers from failures of ERP implementations. There are significant losses also. In this report, there will be discussion on post ERP implantation issues faced by organization and the consequences of that. There will be discussion on avoidance and rectification of those issues in future ERP implementation also. (Gattiker Goodhue, 2005) Post ERP Implementation Issues Post implementation phase of ERP systems in organizations have become a serious issue as there are significant effort and cost associated with this phase. Most of the issues with post ERP implementation are related to project management issues, organizational structure and behavior, human factors etc. Post implementation phase of ERPs is more important as there are several issues and factors to consider. In this phase the system is put into the working environment and the actual end users are given exposure to the system. End users learns to use the system, systems go through dynamic workloads and their performance limits are cross checked in real life scenarios. There may be shockwaves to destroy the environment and the implementation. There may be programming errors but those can be revealed through extensive and rigorous integration and acceptance testing processes. Still, from post implementation phase there may be a long list of bugs found in the ERP system. Thus the process of post implementation needs monitoring and long term support. It is an ongoing process that need finer tuning and improvement of the ERP system. Audit of ERP system in such cases is very challenging but a way to open up the root causes behind the scenarios. (Hustad Olsen, 2011) It reveals a unique learning curve from the reviews of post ERP implementation phases. However there is a huge challenge in this learning curve in the context of ERP implementation. The learning process for ERP implementation should be very prompt and well. Otherwise the ERP systems are actually complex systems. There are chances that end users may get afraid of using such systems and they may not feel comfortable with such systems. It can be monitored that how users are using the system. The monitoring process should be detailed process. The management should find out who are facing difficulties with the ERP systems and should act accordingly. A mere training on use of ERP systems for end users is not enough. End users tends to keep using the simpler features of the system and avoid complex ones deliberately. It may dampen the performance of the system and the business process. Such cases can be monitored through the monitoring system. ERP systems contains various tools and templates for generating reports etc. also there are automating tools. But in reality it has been seen that sometimes end users keep using modules like calendars, available report templates etc. and avoids use of automated tools, customizable report generation tools etc. But if such tools are there in the system then it has some use. Thus these tools should be utilized properly otherwise the objective of the ERP implementation will not be full filled. The process of making end users accustomed with some ERP system is time consuming process. The primary barrier is resistance and unwillingness to learn. This is true in many of the ERP failure cases. But when the users get accustomed to the system and understand the real power of the ERP systems. This is the set time in the post implementation phase when the end users are enthusiastically learns and use the ERP system. But here is another factor to consider. As people enthusiastically use the system so, the system will go through heavy usage and it should cope up with the workload and function in the best possible way all the time. But bugs start to come up during this phase. And so comes the aftershock. There are some bug reports that are very trivial and maintenance group can easily handle those. Some of the bugs creeps in from tricky usage of the system by users. (Albadri, 2012) Outcomes of the Aftershock The outcomes of the aftershock may be devastating. Because during this phase, the project has been finished and it is very unlikely that there will be enough technical and managerial support other than the maintenance support. Thus in some cases, the whole system becomes unusable due to lack of proper support. In worst cases, the developers are accused for developing some unusable system. However, elimination of the issues in post implementation phases of ERP, is not possible. Even if the development process includes rigorous testing and involvement of group of end users, still there are chances that bugs will be there in the system and will come out during post implementation phase. The reason it, it is impossible to test each and every possible cases that may generate bugs in a software or a system. There will be chances that under some particular circumstances, for some particular values some bug comes out. So, this is very unlikely to understand during testing process. Also, during testing some trained user will use the system not the real end users. Sometimes ERP systems are enhanced after getting the aftershock. In most of the cases these enhancement are not done following the same methodologies followed in the ERP development process or implementation process. Some enhancement require code fixings and it needs to go through system analysis, planning and development phase. But in case of enhancement, the path is not followed. Thus there are high chances that modules and the integrity among the modules may get affected. Lack of Proper Change Control Process ERP systems are more than just some information systems. It needs to understand the business processes as well as the ERP systems. Vendors provide some prototype of ERP systems that are customized along with the business process requirements. Sometimes the ERP system modules are customized along with the business process. There are high chances that there may be issues in integration of the modules in the ERP system, if there is heavy customization of the ERP modules. It may bring more chances of bugs in the post ERP implementation phase. On the other hand, sometimes, the business processes are reengineered according to the ERP system. This is really tricky. Changing a business process requires extensive change control management. A business process is more than information and IT systems. There are people involved in the business process. It is about the structure and culture of the organization, thus change control is very necessary. Lack of change control in such scenarios can create problems during post ERP implementation phase. (Musaji, 2005) Top management issues ERP projects are initiated by the top management of some organization. But studies have shown that there is lack of support from them during the post implementation phase of ERP systems. This issue is very serious as, managerial participation is very much required during development, implementation and post implementation phases. In spite of verbal communication and assurance, it needs active participation of top management in decision making etc. (Ifinedo, Rapp, Ifinedo, Sundberg, 2010) Lack of support from IT professionals ERP development, implementation and post implementation is an ongoing and continuous process. IT management and professionals are needed to participate and support the entire process. That is their participation is needed in the post implementation phases also. But in reality is shows that, during the aftershock adequate support from IT professionals are unavailable. For some organization this issue becomes more severe due to the lack of experienced and skilled in house staffs. As the project development phase gets completed along with training and implementation phase, so there is also not adequate support from the consultancies that are hired for ERP development project. Untimely participation and improvement of the bugs in the ERP post implementation may sometime lead to failure of the system. Lack of budget In most of the cases, the post implementation phase is not considered as a part of the ERP development and implementation process. The top management and project sponsors do not allocate funding for coping up with issues that comes out during post implementation phases. That can lead to severe scenarios. Because, if the number of bugs increases in the system then it may need serious improvement and that requires significant costs.Lack of Training to the end users End users should be properly trained to understand the ERP system and should be able to troubleshoot in minimum and trivial cases. As they are the users who are going to use the system daily for carrying out the business processes. So, they should understand how the system works rather than mugging up what input and commands should be given. This will reduce the number of wrong attempts in working with the system and users can supports one another in some primitive cases. (Scott, 2005) But in reality training to end users are not considered very important by the management. So they provide minimal or low quality training to the end users. Measurements to Avoid Post Implementation issues There are various processes to deal with the aftershock and other post implementation issues in case of ERP implementation. (Nicolaou Bhattacharya, 2006)Some of the possible countermeasures to deal with the issues in post ERP implementation phase are, Organization should keep aside some money or funding for such adverse scenarios. The testing process should be rigorous and if possible then it should introduce the system to the actual end users. In some software development methodology like agile methodologies, it let the end users get involved into the development process. It will help to reduce the number of bugs in the final ERP implementation. There should be proper user management. This is important for the success of the ERP implementation as a whole. There should be some technical and managerial support available for the post ERP implementation phase. There should be monitoring for user interactions with the ERP implementation and monitoring of the bugs etc. Proper change control management should be planned and followed to deal with post implementation cases when there is business process reengineering. Monitoring the user acceptance of the system, how they interacts with the system etc. should be done very carefully. All required assistances should be provided in such cases. Rather than competing the project management phased with implementation, maintenances should be included. Training to the end users should be provided in a better and engaging way. People should understand the system and how it works, better understanding will lead to better utilization, faster aftershock and will reduce chances of trivial bugs from wrong use of the system. Conclusion In this report, it has discussed about the post ERP implementation scenarios, the issues and possible solutions to those issues. At first, there is a brief discussion on ERP systems, how those have become important for business and how those differ from traditional IS systems. Then the post ERP implementation scenario have been explained in details. Following to it, there is detailed discussion on the issues that comes from the post implementation phase. Finally there is a discussion on how to avoid the post ERP implementation in future. References Albadri, F. (2012). Cases on Enterprise Information Systems and Implementation Stages. IGI Global. Gattiker, T. F., Goodhue, D. L. (2005). What Happens After ERP Implementation: Understanding the Impact of Interdependence and Differentiation on Plant-Level Outcomes. Management Information Systems Quarterly. Harwood, S. (2003). ERP: The Implementation Cycle. Butterworth-Heinemann. Hustad, E., Olsen, D. H. (2011). ERP Post-implementation Issues in Small-and- Medium-Sized Enterprises . Enterprise Information Systems Communications in Computer and Information Science , 290-299. Ifinedo, P., Rapp, B., Ifinedo, A., Sundberg, K. (2010). Relationships among ERP post-implementation success constructs: An analysis at the organizational level. Computers in Human Behavior, 11361148. Musaji, Y. (2005). ERP Postimplementation Problems. Information Systems Audit and Control Association. Nicolaou, A. I., Bhattacharya, S. (2006). Organizational performance effects of ERP systems usage: The impact of post-implementation changes. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 1835. Scott, J. E. (2005). Post-Implementation Usability of Erp Training Manuals: The User's Perspective. Information Systems Management, 67-77.